Identifikasi kerentanan entrance bangunan non-rekayasa sebagai dasar strategi desain fasad untuk mitigasi risiko gempa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30998/jd.v13i4.4910Keywords:
mitigasi bencana, bangunan non-rekayasa, pintu masuk, komponen fasad, jalur evakuasi, aksesibilitas mitigasiAbstract
Aktivitas Sesar Lembang berpotensi memicu guncangan seismik hingga skala VIII MMI yang berisiko tinggi terhadap kerusakan dinding, plesteran, dan atap bangunan sederhana. Sebagian besar bangunan hunian di kawasan ini adalah bangunan non-rekayasa (non-engineered buildings) tanpa memiliki pertimbangan terhadap risiko gempa. Pada tipologi ini, pintu masuk pada bangunan umumnya menjadi satu-satunya jalur evakuasi sehingga kegagalan fungsionalnya berdampak langsung terhadap keselamatan jiwa penghuni. Meskipun demikian, literatur terdahulu cenderung memperlakukan pintu masuk sebatas elemen estetis atau selubung bangunan (building envelope) pasif, tanpa mengevaluasi performa spasial-tektoniknya sebagai sistem jalur mitigasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kerentanan spasial-konstruktif pintu masuk serta merumuskan kerangka kriteria perancangan bukaan aman gempa. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif-analitis, observasi berbasis purposive sampling dilakukan terhadap 12 unit hunian di Kelurahan Sariwangi (radius 3 km dari Sesar Lembang) yang ditelaah menggunakan tujuh indikator teknis-spasial aksesibilitas mitigasi. Hasil analisis mengungkapkan kerentanan sistemik: 58% bangunan bergantung pada akses tunggal (single-egress vulnerability), ketiadaan zona bebas reruntuhan (debris-free zone) akibat kerapatan antarbangunan yang tinggi, serta dominasi material fasad berbobot masif tanpa elemen pengaku struktural (kolom praktis dan ring balok) di sekitar bukaan. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa kegagalan fungsi pintu masuk bukan sekadar masalah komponen pintu secara terisolasi, melainkan akibat interaksi komposit antara materialitas fasad dan konfigurasi spasial mikro di sekitarnya. Penelitian ini berkontribusi menyediakan kerangka evaluasi awal (preliminary) kerentanan bukaan yang berpotensi menjadi dasar penyusunan pedoman preskriptif perancangan arsitektur tahan bencana di kawasan rawan gempa, dengan validasi lebih lanjut.
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